For the purpose of proton-flow-driven ATP synthesis alone ... F 1 also has a central rotor — the γ-subunit — and three reaction chambers (the catalytic β-subunits; left panels).

The whole pathway is pure chemistry, involving the reaction of one molecule with ... turbines embedded in this membrane powers the synthesis of ATP in much the same way that the flow of water ...

ATP synthesized in mitochondria is the primary energy source for important biological functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. According to Susanna ...