The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...

A study conducted by researchers from the University of São Paulo sheds light on new discoveries about the mechanisms of ...

This mechanism links the gradual oxidation of electron donors in the electron transport chain to the pumping of protons through the membrane, generating the electrochemical gradient required for ...