H has 1 outer electron. O has 6 outer electrons. The H circles must each overlap the O circle. Nitrogen molecules consist of two nitrogen atoms joined together. Nitrogen atoms can form three ...

The n-type silicon is made by including atoms that have one more electron in their outer level than does silicon, such as phosphorus. Phosphorus has five electrons in its outer energy level, not four.

In this regime, electrons flow through the island one by one, with some k B T of energy being extracted every time an electron leaves, where k B is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.