Electrostatic ion thrusters are almost an order of magnitude better, on the order of 2,000-3,000 seconds, with some reaching closer to 10,000 seconds in experiments, while the experimental VASIMR ...

Space startup Exodus Propulsion Technologies claims to have ... place force on an object" given "an asymmetry in either electrostatic pressure or some kind of electrostatic divergent field." ...

Electrospray (ES) thrusters generate low thrust via the electrostatic extraction of charged species from an electrified liquid. These systems are characterized by the propellant used and emission mode ...